The New Frontier of Cybersecurity: Key Ecosystem Vulnerabilities and Cryptanalysis Bitcoin 2025: IoT Security Threat from CVE-2025-27840 Vulnerability in ESP32 Microcontrollers

In 2025, the dynamics of crypto technology development are accompanied by a surge in cyberattacks and the discovery of new vulnerabilities that test the resilience of global ecosystems. We present a systematic analysis of the most serious vulnerabilities affecting software solutions, infrastructure, and open source code, as well as practical recommendations for eliminating them.

Key areas of analysis

RCE threats in Veeam Backup & Replication backup systems
Current Operational Scenarios for Apache Tomcat Server Software
Critical Security Failures in Modern Web Frameworks (Next.js React)
Major Issues and Patches for VMware Products
No Fixes for Vulnerable Edimax IP Cameras
Urgent updates after 0-day discovery in Microsoft and Apple
Authentication implementation errors in ruby-saml and GraphQL-Ruby libraries

Incident and vulnerability analysis

Remote Code Execution: Veeam Backup & Replication (CVE-2025-23120)

In the latest builds of Veeam, remote execution of arbitrary code was detected due to incorrect handling of serialized input data in .NET components. The vulnerability affects infrastructure with domain accounts and requires an immediate upgrade to the updated version (12.3.1), since the exploit can be initiated by any domain user. The potential danger is digitized by the CVSS 3.1 score – 8.8.

RCE in Apache Tomcat (CVE-2025-24813)

Apache Tomcat systems from versions 9.0.0.M1 to 11.0.2 were found to be susceptible to a critical error: an attacker can plant a malicious payload in a session via incomplete PUT requests and then initiate code execution via a specialized GET request. This approach is especially dangerous due to the lack of preliminary authentication. Using the latest patches, introduced in versions 11.0.3, 10.1.35 and 9.0.99, is mandatory. The risk score reaches 9.8 points according to CVSS.

Vulnerabilities in Next.js React (CVE-2025-29927)

Incorrect header handling x-middleware-subrequestin Next.js version rows allows an attacker to bypass standard authorization mechanisms, gaining illegitimate access to internal resources. All users of the system are recommended to use the latest fixed versions (12.3.5, 13.5.9, 14.2.25, 15.2.3); potential criticality CVSS — 9.1.

Multiple VMware Vulnerabilities

TOCTOU (CVE-2025-22224): A time verification and usage synchronization issue in VMware products leads to memory corruption and code execution by attackers with local administrative privileges.
Arbitrary Kernel Write (CVE-2025-22225): An attacker with admin privileges in VMX can write data to the hypervisor kernel.
HGFS Data Disclosure (CVE-2025-22226): Violation of access control leads to data leakage.
Authentication Bypass (CVE-2025-22230): Vulnerable drivers allowed authorized users to perform unauthorized actions in guest OSes.

In all cases, immediate installation of updates is recommended. CVSS criticality score ranges from 7.1 to 9.3.

Edimax IP Camera Vulnerability (CVE-2025-1316)

Edimax IC-7100 cameras were found to have malicious operating system commands injected through insufficient input validation. No fix is provided: users are advised to stop using vulnerable devices or replace them, as well as change their credentials and restrict external access. CVSS — 9.3.

Microsoft Zero-day incidents

Of the 57 vulnerabilities fixed in the latest update, the following stand out: security bypass in Microsoft Management Console (CVE-2025-26633), privilege escalation via race condition in Windows kernel (CVE-2025-24983), attacks on the Windows file system (CVE-2025-24984, CVE-2025-24991, CVE-2025-24993). Timely installation of patches is required for protection.

ruby-saml and GraphQL-Ruby vulnerabilities

An error in verifying digital signatures of SAML documents (CVE-2025-25291, CVE-2025-25292) opens the way to fraudulent authentication. In GraphQL-Ruby, when loading external schemas, remote code execution is possible (CVE-2025-27407). The solution is an emergency update of both libraries and GitLab CE/EE services to protected versions.

WebKit in the Apple Ecosystem: CVE-2025-24201

A vulnerability in the WebKit engine can be used to escape the sandbox with malicious content. Fixed in all key Apple products (iOS, iPadOS, macOS Sequoia, visionOS, Safari), immediate update is recommended.

Cryptanalysis and Bitcoin Security in 2025

The biggest threats are not just platform hacks, but also direct impacts on core protocols. This year, a number of critical vulnerabilities were discovered in the core Bitcoin Core software: attacks via the compact block protocol (CVE-2024-35202) lead to node shutdowns, and insufficient update speed leaves a significant part of the infrastructure potentially unprotected 1 2 3 .

It is important to note the increase in attacks on hardware wallets due to microcontroller vulnerabilities and weak PRNG entropy. Experts emphasize the need for regular hardware audits and updates, as well as the transition to decentralized solutions for storing private keys 4 5 .

Practical recommendations

Always update the software of both nodes and service systems immediately after patches are released.
Use only authorized distribution channels for updates and patches.
Regular auditing of cryptography and hardware is critical in the context of escalating threats.
Use multi-factor authentication for access to critical services.
Avoid working with potentially outdated devices and services that are not patched.

The year 2025 has become a new test for integrated digital asset security systems. A comprehensive approach to detecting, monitoring, and promptly eliminating vulnerabilities is the basis for the stability of every environment working with cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin. The future depends on the quality of interaction between the research community and node operators, as well as on the level of digital literacy of each user of cryptosystems.

Below is a selection of articles and analytical materials that cover in detail current issues of Bitcoin cryptanalysis, vulnerabilities of cryptographic protocols and threats from quantum computing, including risks to hardware wallets and IoT devices:

Article Title	Brief description	Source and date
“Will Quantum Computers Soon Be Able to Break Bitcoin Encryption?”	Google research has shown that breaking RSA and similar cryptographic algorithms would require 20 times less quantum resources than previously thought, raising the prospect of a threat to elliptic curve cryptography, including Bitcoin.	Coindesk, May 27, 2025 1
“Bitcoin Cryptanalysis: ESP32 Microcontroller Vulnerability CVE-2025-27840 Threatens Billions of IoT Devices”	Analysis of a bug in ESP32 microcontrollers, widely used in IoT, which allows attackers to steal private keys of crypto wallets through vulnerabilities in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connections.	Pikabu, March 2025 2 ; CryptoDeep.ru 7
“Bitcoin developers propose to freeze coins vulnerable to quantum hacking”	The BIP initiative, presented by cryptographer Jameson Lopp, aims to gradually transition Bitcoin to post-quantum addresses and block legacy address formats to protect funds from the threat of quantum computers.	RBC Crypto, July 2025 3 ; Coindesk, July 2025 6
“Methods of protecting Bitcoin from quantum attacks”	Casa experts presented a concept for switching to quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms and freezing vulnerable wallets in order to minimize the risk of hacking in the future.	Bits.Media, July 2025 4
“About a third of all BTC is at risk of quantum hacking”	An analytical report on the risks associated with the emergence of cryptographically relevant quantum computers by 2030 and a discussion of the implementation of post-quantum algorithms to secure the Bitcoin ecosystem.	CP Media, June 2025 5
“Analysis of the DeserializeSignature Vulnerability in the Bitcoin Network”	A theoretical and practical review of methods for cryptanalysis of a vulnerability affecting the security of signatures in the Bitcoin network, with a description of approaches to its detection and prevention.	Habr.com, May 2024 10

These materials will help provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of Bitcoin and related technologies security, as well as future directions for countering new classes of threats, including quantum computing and critical hardware vulnerabilities.

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the recently disclosed critical vulnerability CVE-2025-27840 found in ESP32 microcontrollers, which are one of the most widely used components in Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This vulnerability has a direct impact on the security of Bitcoin crypto wallets, since exploitable flaws in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules allow attackers to gain unauthorized access to users’ private keys.

ESP32 microcontrollers have become widely used in a variety of IoT devices due to their availability, low power consumption, and support for wireless communications. At the same time, the widespread use of these components creates significant security risks – in particular, the safety of private keys for crypto assets, which are ideal for storing funds in Bitcoin.

This article is devoted to a systematic study of the vulnerability CVE-2025-27840, which was discovered in the presence of critical flaws in the implementation of wireless protocols, which allows potential attackers to effectively attack devices and extract cryptographic keys.

Description of vulnerability CVE-2025-27840

The vulnerability is related to vulnerabilities in the processing of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth communication channels in ESP32 microcontrollers. In particular, violations in the management of cryptographic mechanisms and the organization of communication sessions create the possibility of conducting Man-in-the-Middle attacks and subsequent extraction of private keys used to sign Bitcoin transactions.

Exploitation of this vulnerability does not require physical access to the device and can be implemented remotely within the range of a radio signal, which significantly expands the field of possible attacks.

Potential consequences

The security flaw puts a huge array of IoT devices at risk, including Bitcoin hardware wallets, smart controllers, and home automation devices. The keys needed to confirm cryptographic transactions could be stolen, leading to unauthorized withdrawals.

Given that the ESP32 is used in billions of devices worldwide, the scale of potential damage poses a serious threat to the Bitcoin ecosystem and the entire digital asset industry.

Recommendations for protection

To minimize risks, it is recommended:

Update the ESP32 firmware to the latest versions, which fix the relevant vulnerabilities.
Use multi-layered methods to protect private keys, including hardware security elements and multi-factor authentication.
Limit the range of access to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-enabled devices using secure network architectures and encrypted communication channels.
Implement best practices for secure IoT device development and conduct regular security audits.

Conclusion

The discovery of the CVE-2025-27840 vulnerability highlights the critical importance of hardware security in the Bitcoin cryptographic infrastructure. The tight integration of IoT and cryptobio requires the adaptation of new security strategies and rapid response to identified threats. Further research and ongoing monitoring of such risks are necessary to maintain the reliability and sustainability of cryptocurrency ecosystems.